What is Tayammum?

Tayammum is a way of purifying yourself when you cannot find water or cannot use it for some reason (like illness or a lack of water). It allows you to perform acts of worship like prayer (Salah) when regular ablution (Wudu) or Ghusl is not possible.

When Can You Do Tayammum?

1. No water is available: If there is no water nearby for Wudu or Ghusl.
2. Using water is harmful: For example, if you are sick or have a medical condition.
3. Water is scarce: If water is needed for drinking or other essential needs.

How to Perform Tayammum (Step-by-Step)

1. Make an Intention (Niyyah):
   • In your heart, intend to purify yourself for worship. For example: “I intend to do Tayammum to pray or worship Allah.”
2. Say “Bismillah” (In the Name of Allah):
   • Begin by saying “Bismillah.” This is a general practice for acts of worship.
3. Find Clean Dust or Earth:
   • You can use clean sand, dust, or earth from the ground. Ensure it is pure and free from impurities.
4. Strike the Dust Lightly:
   • Lightly strike your hands on the dust or earth. You do not need to scoop or gather the dust, just a light tap is enough.
5. Wipe Your Face:
   • Rub your hands over your face to ensure the dust touches your entire face.
6. Wipe Your Hands:
   • Strike the dust again lightly, then wipe your right hand with your left hand, and your left hand with your right hand, up to the wrists.

Important Notes:

• Tayammum is a substitute for both Wudu and Ghusl.
• It remains valid until you find water or the reason preventing you from using water no longer exists.
• It must be done for each obligatory prayer, but you can perform multiple voluntary prayers with one Tayammum.

Why is Tayammum Important?

Tayammum shows that Allah has made Islam practical and merciful, allowing alternatives for worship in difficult situations.

In depth guidelines 

TAYAMMUM

Purifying with dust or sand where water is not available

When is Tayammum Permissible?

1. If someone is in a jungle and does not know where water could be found, nor is there anyone from whom he could find out, then he should make tayammum.

   • However, if someone points out water within 1.6 kilometers and he is confident of finding it, he must search for it without causing harm or inconvenience.
   • If water is found within 1.6 kilometers, it is obligatory to bring it.

2. If water is beyond 1.6 kilometers, tayammum is permissible.

3. If a person is 1.6 kilometers away from an inhabited area and water cannot be found before that, tayammum is permissible.

4. If a well is found but there is no bucket or rope, tayammum is permissible.

5. If water is available but only enough for one wash of the face, hands, and feet, tayammum is not permissible. Instead, wudu should be done with what is available.

6. If water is harmful due to illness and using it will worsen the condition or delay healing, tayammum is allowed.

   • If cold water is harmful but warm water is not, warm water must be used if available.

7. If water is definitely within 1.6 kilometers, tayammum is not permissible.

   • Women must also fetch water if necessary, ensuring proper hijab.

8. Tayammum remains valid until wudu can be performed. It grants the same level of purity as wudu or ghusl.

9. If water is being sold and one cannot afford it, tayammum is permissible.

   • If one can afford it, purchasing the water is obligatory unless the price is exorbitant.

10. If it is extremely cold and one fears illness or death, tayammum is allowed.

Tayammum in Special Cases

11. If someone has wounds over more than half the body or suffers from smallpox, tayammum is permissible instead of ghusl.

12. If tayammum was made in a field and water was nearby but unknown to the person, the tayammum and salah remain valid.

13. If someone else has water, one must judge whether they will share it:

• If yes, one must ask before making tayammum.
• If no, tayammum is allowed without asking.

14. If zamzam water is kept in cans, tayammum is not permissible—wudu or ghusl must be performed.

15. If one has water but fears dying of thirst due to a difficult journey, tayammum is allowed.

16. If ghusl is harmful but wudu is not, one should perform wudu and make tayammum instead of ghusl.

Method of Tayammum

17. Steps to perform tayammum:

• Place both palms on pure ground and wipe the entire face.
• Place palms on the ground again and wipe each arm up to the elbows.
• Ensure no area is left dry, even under rings or bracelets.

18. Dust hands after placing them on the ground to avoid making the face and hands dirty.

19. Tayammum is permissible with materials that have earth-like qualities, such as sand, limestone, and brick dust.

• It is not allowed with gold, silver, wood, or clothing unless covered in dust.

20. Materials that burn into ash or melt cannot be used for tayammum.

21. Tayammum on clothing or pillows is not allowed unless they are covered in sufficient dust.

22. Tayammum on a clean stone is valid, even if washed with water.

23. Tayammum with mud is valid but undesirable unless no alternative is found.

24. Tayammum is not allowed on dried impurity, even if the smell has gone.

25. Women who have completed menstruation or postnatal bleeding may perform tayammum in necessary situations.

Intention (Niyyah) for Tayammum

26. A mere demonstration of tayammum without intention does not count.

27. The intention should be:

• “I am making tayammum to purify myself.”
• “I am making tayammum to perform salah.”

Rules Regarding Tayammum

28. If tayammum was made specifically to touch the Quran, it cannot be used for salah.

29. One tayammum is sufficient for both wudu and ghusl.

30. If water is later found after performing salah, there is no need to repeat it.

31. If water is nearby but fetching it will cause salah to be missed, tayammum is still not allowed.

32. Tayammum cannot be performed when water is present just to touch the Quran.

33. If traveling and expecting to find water soon, salah should be delayed (but not beyond the makruh time).

34. If on a moving train and unable to get off for water, tayammum is allowed.

35. If one forgets about available water, makes tayammum, and later remembers, salah remains valid.

36. What invalidates tayammum?

• Anything that breaks wudu also breaks tayammum.
• Finding water invalidates tayammum.

37. If tayammum was for wudu, it breaks when enough water for wudu is found.

• If tayammum was for ghusl, it breaks when sufficient water for ghusl is found.

38. If water was unknowingly passed by, tayammum does not break.

39. Tayammum made due to illness breaks when recovery occurs.

40. If tayammum was made due to lack of water but later illness makes water harmful, a new tayammum is required.

Tayammum in Case of Partial Wudu or Ghusl

41. If ghusl was performed but a small area was left dry, tayammum must be made.

42. If wudu breaks before finding water, wudu must be performed instead of tayammum.

43. If water is insufficient for both wudu and purifying clothes, preference should be given to cleaning clothes, and tayammum should be performed.

44. If water is in a well but there is no way to draw it, tayammum is permissible.

When Salah Must Be Repeated

45. If tayammum was made due to human interference (e.g., imprisonment or threats), salah must be repeated once the obstacle is removed.

46. Multiple people may make tayammum from one spot of ground.

47. If neither water nor sand is available, salah should be performed without purification and repeated later.

48. If one is certain that water will be available before salah time ends, delaying salah is recommended.

49. If a traveler sees water while on a moving train, tayammum remains valid since the water is inaccessible.

Rules Concerning Masah on Leather Socks

1. General Rule for Masah on Leather Socks

• If one wears leather socks after making wudu and later breaks his wudu, he may perform masah (passing wet hands) over the socks instead of washing his feet.
• However, it is preferable to remove the leather socks and wash the feet.

2. Conditions for Masah

• Masah is not permissible if the socks do not cover the ankles.
• If a person wears leather socks without being in a state of wudu, masah is not allowed. He must remove the socks and wash his feet.

3. Duration of Masah

• A traveler may perform masah for three days and three nights (72 hours).
• A resident may perform masah for one day and one night (24 hours).
• The period is calculated from the time the wudu breaks, not from when the socks were worn.
  • Example: If wudu was performed at Zuhr, socks were worn, and wudu broke at Maghrib, masah remains valid until Maghrib of the next day (for a resident) or the third day (for a traveler).
• After the specified duration expires, masah is no longer valid.

4. Masah and Ghusl

• If ghusl becomes obligatory, the socks must be removed before taking a bath.
• Masah is not valid during ghusl.

5. How to Perform Masah

• Masah must be done on the top part of the socks, not the soles.
• Method:
  • Wet the fingers.
  • Place them flat at the front of the socks.
  • Draw the fingers towards the ankles.
  • The palms should be away from the socks but placing them flat is also permissible.

6. Permissible Variations in Masah

• If the fingers move from the ankles to the front, masah is still valid but not the preferred method.
• If masah is done width-wise instead of lengthwise, it is valid but not preferred.
• Masah on the soles, heels, or sides of the socks is not valid.
• If only the fingertips touch the socks, masah is invalid, unless water drips continuously, covering an area equal to three fingers.

7. Additional Rules for Masah

• Using the palm side of the hands is recommended, but using the back of the hands is also permissible.
• If socks become wet due to rain or walking on wet grass, masah is still valid.
• Masah must cover at least an area equal to three fingers on each sock.

8. What Breaks Masah?

• Anything that nullifies wudu also nullifies masah.
• Removing the leather socks breaks masah, but only the feet need to be washed—not the entire wudu.
• If only one sock is removed, the other must also be removed, and both feet must be washed.
• When the masah duration expires, the feet must be washed but wudu remains valid unless it was already broken.
• If water enters the socks, making the entire or most of the foot wet, masah is invalid and the feet must be washed.

9. Torn or Damaged Socks

• Masah is invalid if the socks are torn in a way that exposes an area equal to three fingers while walking.
• If the stitches come undone but do not expose the foot, masah remains valid.
• If the socks have multiple small tears that add up to three fingers, masah is not valid.

10. Transition Between Traveler & Resident

• If a resident starts masah and then travels, he may continue for three days and three nights.
• If a traveler becomes a resident and one day and one night have already passed, he must remove the socks and wash his feet.

11. Masah on Different Types of Footwear

• Masah is valid on leather socks worn over ordinary socks.
• Masah is not valid on ordinary socks alone unless:
  • They are covered with leather,
  • They have leather soles, or
  • They are thick and sturdy enough to stay up without being tied and allow walking 4-6 km without tearing.
• Masah is not valid on a burqah (head cover), gloves, hat, or turban.
• Masah on boots is valid if:
  • They fully cover the feet and ankles.
  • The laces or zips ensure that no excessive skin is exposed.

12. Special Cases

• Tayammum & Masah: If a person performed tayammum and wore leather socks, he cannot perform masah when making wudu later.
• Ghusl & Masah: Masah cannot be done during ghusl, whether obligatory or sunnah.
• Ma’zur (Excused Person) & Masah:
  • If a ma’zur’s excuse (e.g., continuous bleeding) existed at the time of wudu and masah, masah follows the same rules as his wudu—it breaks at the end of each prayer time.
  • If his excuse was not present at the time of wudu and masah, he follows the normal masah rules.
• If a major portion of the foot gets wet, the socks must be removed, and the feet must be washed.

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Haid and Istihaada (Menstruation and Bleeding Out of the Normal Period)

Definition and Duration

1. Blood that flows from the vagina every month is called haid (menstruation or monthly periods).
2. The minimum period of haid is three days and three nights, and the maximum period is ten days and ten nights.
   • Blood that flows for less than three days is called istihaada (abnormal bleeding).
   • If bleeding continues beyond ten days, then only the first ten days will be considered haid, and the remaining days will be istihaada.
3. Haid must last for three full days and nights to be valid. If it is even slightly less, it is istihaada.

Colors of Blood

4. Any color (red, yellow, green, brown) within the haid period is considered haid until the pad remains completely white and unchanged.

Age Limits

5. Haid does not occur:
   • Before the age of 9
   • After the age of 55 (unless the blood is extremely red or black)
   • If a woman regularly experiences yellow, green, or brown blood before turning 55, these colors will still be considered haid after 55.

Changes in the Duration of Haid

6. If a woman normally has haid for 3 or 4 days, but one month it lasts up to 10 days, then the entire duration is haid.

   • If bleeding exceeds 10 days, only the days up to her previous habit (e.g., 3 days) will be haid, and the rest will be istihaada.
   • She must make qada (makeup prayers) for the missed salah during istihaada.

7. If a woman has no fixed cycle (bleeding varies every month), then:

   • If bleeding is 10 days or less, it is haid.
   • If bleeding exceeds 10 days, her previous month’s duration will be considered haid, and the extra days will be istihaada.

8. If a woman used to bleed for 4 days, then starts bleeding for 5 days, and later bleeds for 15 days, her new habit is considered 5 days, and the remaining 10 days are istihaada.

9. If a woman forgets her previous cycle and bleeds for more than 10 days, she must consult a knowledgeable scholar for guidance.

First-Time Bleeding (Puberty)

10. If a girl experiences her first period:

• If it lasts 10 days or less, it is haid.
• If it exceeds 10 days, only the first 10 days are haid, and the rest is istihaada.

11. If a girl continues bleeding for months, then:

• The first 10 days will be considered haid.
• The next 20 days will be istihaada.
• This cycle of 10 days of haid and 20 days of istihaada will continue.

Period of Purity Between Haid Cycles

12. The minimum gap between two haid cycles is 15 days.

• There is no maximum gap; a woman remains pure if she does not bleed.

13. If a woman bleeds for 3 days and then remains pure for 15 days, then bleeds again for 3 days, both bleeding periods are haid.

14. If she bleeds for 1-2 days and then remains pure for 15 days, those 1-2 days are istihaada, not haid.

15. If a woman bleeds for a few days, stops for less than 15 days, and then bleeds again, the entire duration is counted as continuous bleeding.

• Her normal haid cycle will be haid, and the extra days will be istihaada.

Bleeding During Pregnancy

16. Any blood that flows during pregnancy is istihaada, not haid.
17. Blood that flows before childbirth is also istihaada unless more than half the baby has emerged.

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Rules Concerning Haid (Menstruation)

1. Prayer and Fasting

• During haid, it is not permissible to perform salah (prayer) or fast.
• Qada (makeup prayer) is not required for missed prayers, but missed fasts must be made up after haid.

2. Bleeding During Worship

• If a woman starts bleeding while offering a fard (obligatory) prayer, she is excused from completing it and does not need to make qada.
• If she starts bleeding during a sunnah or nafl (optional) prayer, she must make qada of it after haid.
• If she starts bleeding while fasting, her fast will break, and she must make qada later.

3. Bleeding at the End of a Prayer Time

• If she has not yet prayed and starts bleeding at the end of a prayer time, she is excused from that prayer.

4. Sexual Intercourse During Haid

• Sexual intercourse is not permissible during haid.
• Other interactions, such as eating, drinking, and sleeping together, are allowed.

5. Completion of Haid and Sexual Intercourse

• If a woman normally bleeds for 5 or 9 days and then stops bleeding, she must take a ghusl (ritual bath) before intercourse is permissible.
• If she stops bleeding but has not yet taken ghusl, intercourse is only allowed after the passing of one prayer time, making qada of that prayer wajib.

6. Change in Bleeding Duration

• If she usually bleeds for 5 days but stops after 4 days, she must take a bath and start praying.
• However, intercourse is not permissible until 5 full days pass, in case bleeding resumes.
• If she bleeds for 10 full days, intercourse is allowed immediately after bleeding stops, even if she has not taken ghusl.

7. Short Bleeding Periods

• If she stops bleeding after 1 or 2 days, she does not have to take ghusl immediately.
• She can perform wudu and pray, but intercourse is not allowed unless she remains pure for 15 days.
• If she bleeds again within 15 days, those 1-2 days will be counted as haid. She must then take ghusl and pray.
• If 15 days pass without bleeding, it is istihaada, and she must make qada of the missed prayers.

8. Changing Menstruation Patterns

• If a woman normally bleeds for 3 days but continues bleeding, she must not pray or take ghusl until she stops bleeding or reaches 10 days.
• If she stops before 10 days, all the days will be counted as haid, and no qada is needed.
• If she bleeds beyond 10 days, only her usual 3 days will be haid, and the remaining days will be istihaada.
• She must take ghusl on the 11th day and make qada for missed prayers.

9. Prayer Obligation After Haid

• If she stops bleeding close to the end of a prayer time but still has time to say Allahu Akbar and make intention, that prayer is wajib and must be made qada.
• If she does not have even that much time left, the prayer is excused.

10. Fasting During Ramadan

• If she stops bleeding during the day in Ramadan, she must not eat or drink for the rest of the day.
• However, this day does not count as a fast, and she must make qada later.
• If she stops bleeding at night and:
  • Had haid for 10 days and there is no time left even to say Allahu Akbar, she must fast the next day.
  • Had haid for less than 10 days and there is only enough time for ghusl but not even to say Allahu Akbar, she must fast the next day.
  • If she had time but did not take ghusl, she should still make the intention to fast and take ghusl in the morning.
  • If she did not have time even for ghusl, fasting is not allowed the next day, but she must still refrain from eating and drinking and make qada later.

11. When Haid Starts

• Haid begins when blood reaches the external skin of the vagina.
• If a tampon or cotton is inserted and absorbs blood inside, but no blood is visible externally, haid has not yet started.
• If blood appears externally, haid is counted from that moment.

12. Detecting Haid in Unusual Cases

• If a woman inserts a tampon at night and sees a spot of blood on the pad in the morning, haid is counted from the time she sees the blood, not when it first appeared internally.

Rules Concerning Istihaada (Abnormal Bleeding)

1. The rules of istihaada are the same as for a person who has continuous bleeding, like a nosebleed.
2. A woman with istihaada must:
   • Pray her salah as usual.
   • Fast during Ramadan and other times.
   • Not stop her religious duties because of bleeding.
3. Sexual intercourse is permissible for a woman experiencing istihaada.
4. The rules for istihaada are the same as those for a ma’zur (a person with a valid excuse due to continuous impurity).

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Rules Concerning Nifaas (Postpartum Bleeding)

Definition and Duration

1. Nifaas refers to the blood that comes out of the vagina after childbirth.
2. The maximum period of nifaas is 40 days, while there is no minimum limit. Even if the bleeding stops after half an hour, it is still considered nifaas.
3. If no blood comes out after childbirth, a ghusl (ritual bath) is still wajib (obligatory).

Blood During and After Delivery

4. If more than half of the child has emerged but not fully delivered, any blood discharged is nifaas.
5. If less than half of the child has emerged, the blood is istihaada (irregular bleeding), and the woman must continue offering her prayers.
6. If a miscarriage occurs and the fetus has formed body parts, the bleeding is nifaas.
7. If no parts are formed, the blood will either be haid (menstruation) or istihaada, depending on the duration and purity period.

Duration Exceeding 40 Days

8. If the bleeding exceeds 40 days and this is her first childbirth, only the first 40 days are nifaas; the rest is istihaada. She must start praying after 40 days, even if she is still bleeding.
9. If this is not her first childbirth, she should follow her previous habit. If she used to have 30 days of nifaas and continues bleeding beyond that, only 30 days are nifaas; the rest is istihaada.

When to Resume Prayer

10. If nifaas stops before 40 days, she must immediately perform ghusl and resume praying.
11. If bathing is harmful, she should perform tayammum (dry ablution) and pray.
12. Women in nifaas are excused from salaah (prayer) but must make up missed fasts.
13. The rules for fasting, prayer, and marital relations during haid also apply to nifaas.

Twin Births and Nifaas Calculation

14. If twins are born within six months, nifaas is counted from the first child’s birth—not the second.

Rules Concerning Haid and Nifaas

Restrictions

1. A woman in haid or nifaas (and requiring ghusl) cannot:
   • Enter a mosque
   • Perform Tawaf around the Ka’bah
   • Recite or touch the Qur’an (unless covered in a separate cloth or casing)
2. A person without wudu cannot touch the Qur’an but may recite it from memory.
3. Items with Qur’anic verses (coins, amulets) cannot be touched directly. If in a container, they may be carried.
4. The Qur’an cannot be held using the sleeve of clothing attached to the body. However, a detached cloth may be used.

Permissible Acts

5. Reciting one word or half a verse is allowed, provided it does not equal a full verse.
6. Duas from the Qur’an (e.g., Rabbana atina fid-dunya hasanah…) may be recited with the intention of supplication.
7. Dua-e-Qunoot (recited in Witr prayer) is permissible.

Women Teaching the Qur’an

8. A woman teaching the Qur’an may spell out words but should not recite full verses fluently. Instead, she should break after every one or two words.

Other Acts of Worship

9. Dhikr (remembrance of Allah), Kalimah, Durood, Istighfar, and phrases like La hawla wa la quwwata illa billah are permissible.
10. It is recommended for a woman in haid to make wudu at prayer times, sit in a clean place, and remember Allah. This helps maintain the habit of prayer.

Ghusl Obligations

11. If ghusl was wajib but haid started before she could perform it, she does not need to bathe. She should do so only after her haid ends. One ghusl will suffice for both reasons.